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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1960
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1994-02-27
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<text>
<title>
(1960s) Soviet-American Rivalry
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1960s Highlights
</history>
<link 07781>
<link 07646>
<link 07647>
<link 07558>
<link 00149><article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
Soviet-American Rivalry
</hdr>
<body>
<p> [The Soviet Union led the U.S. in space technology and
achievement at the start of the 1960s. After launching Sputnik,
the first earth satellite, in 1957 and the first rocket to the
moon two years later, the Soviets in 1961 announced still
another "first"--a big one.]
</p>
<p>(April 21, 1961)
</p>
<p> Triumphant music blared across the land. Russian's radios
saluted the morning with the slow, stirring beat of the patriotic
song, How Spacious Is My Country. Then came the simple
announcement that shattered forever man's ancient isolation on
earth: "The world's first spaceship, Vostok (East), with a man
on board, has been launched on April 12 in the Soviet Union on
a round-the-world orbit."
</p>
<p> Radio reporters identified the "cosmonaut" as Major Yuri
Alekseevich Gagarin, 27. According to the official announcement,
the Vostok had blasted off from an unidentified launching pad
at exactly 9:07 a.m., Moscow time. Brief bulletins, from time
to time, traced its orbital track. At 10:15 he checked in over
Africa: "The flight is normal. I am withstanding well the state
of weightlessness." At 11:10 a report was broadcast that at
10:25 Gagarin had completed one circuit of the earth and that
the spaceship's braking rocket had been fired. This was the
perilous point when the Vostok, its nose white-hot from friction
with the earth's atmosphere, began its plunge to a landing. All
Russia waited nervously and the government-controlled radio
milked every moment for suspense. Not until 12:25 was the proud
announcement put on the air: "At 10:55 Cosmonaut Gagarin safely
returned to the sacred soil of our motherland.
</p>
<p>(June 2, 1961)
</p>
<p> "These are extraordinary times," said President Kennedy in
his second State of the Union speech of the year. "We face an
extraordinary challenge."
</p>
<p> The costliest and most controversial proposal was a redoubled
effort to overtake Russia in the space race--an effort that
would require $531 million immediately, perhaps $20 billion more
in the next decade. It is time, he said gravely, "for this
nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement. For
while we cannot guarantee that we shall one day be first, we can
guarantee that any failure to make this effort will make us
last." Biggest item on the stepped-up space agenda: a project to
land a man on the moon by 1971--an undertaking, the President
said, that would cost as much as $9 billion more in the next
five years.
</p>
<p> [The following year, the U.S. lifted its own astronaut into
earth orbit.]
</p>
<p>(March 2, 1962)
</p>
<p> "This is a new ocean," said President Kennedy, "and I believe
that the U.S. must sail on it." The President, still tingling
from a day of thrill and suspense shared by the nation and the
world, was paying tribute to Lieut. Colonel John Herschel Glenn
Jr., 40, the freshly commissioned admiral of that new ocean. As
the focus of a mighty team effort involving a host of fiercely
dedicated men, vast technological skills and millions of dollars
of the national wealth, John Glenn accomplished on his flight
through the heavens--which he laconically called a "successful
outing"--far more than a brief and exciting escape from man's
earthbound environment.
</p>
<p> This was the moment. He had worked toward it for three years.
He had suffered agonies of frustration. Now he was alone, flat
on his back on a form-fit couch inside the instrument-packed
capsule named "Friendship 7". In an incredibly matter-of-fact
voice, John Glenn began to count, "Ten, nine, eight, seven,
six..." A great yellow-white gush of flame spewed out from the
Atlas-D missile. For nearly four seconds, it seemed rooted to
its pad in the space-age wasteland of Cape Canaveral, a flat,
sandy scrub land dotted by palmetto trees and looming ungainly
missile gantries. Then the rocket took off, heading into the
brilliant blue sky. "Lift-off," said Glenn. "The clock is
operating. We're under way."
</p>
<p> In the next four hours and 56 minutes, John Glenn lived
through and shared with millions a day of miracles. There was
beauty. "I don't know what you can say about a day in which you
have seen four beautiful sunsets," Glenn said later, "three in
orbit, and one on the surface after I was back on board the
ship."
</p>
<p> As he approached Australia, Glenn radioed Astronaut Gordon
Cooper in the tracking station at Muchea: "That was about the
shortest day I've ever run into. Just to my right, I can see a
big pattern of light, apparently right on the coast." The glow
was the city of Perth, which had prepared a welcome for Glenn
that was also a test of his night vision. Street lights were
ablaze. Families turned on their porch lights, spread sheets out
in the yard as reflectors. Glenn radioed Cooper a grateful
message: "Thank everybody for turning them on, will you?"
</p>
<p> Just as Glenn was beginning his second orbit, an instrument
panel in the Project Mercury Control enter at Canaveral picked
up a warning that the Fiberglas heat shield on Friendship 7 had
come ajar. If the shield were to separate before or during the
capsule's re-entry into the earth's atmosphere, John Glenn would
perish in a flash of flame.
</p>
<p> Glenn took the news of the deadly threat with characteristic
calmness. He made the adjustments necessary to keep the retro-
rocket packet in place, hand-flew his capsule into proper
attitude for descent--and braced himself. Timed by a pre-set
mechanism in the capsule, the braking rockets fired in sequence.
</p>
<p> On the ground, Astronaut Alan Shepard, the capsule
communicator at Cape Canaveral, lost radio contact with Glenn.
At the same time, other instruments tracking the capsule stopped
registering. It lasted for seven minutes and 15 seconds. Then
came John Glenn's exultant voice. "Boy!" he cried. "That was a
real fireball!"
</p>
<p> Glenn had made it. As it later turned out, Glenn's heat shield
had been in place all along; a monitor in the capsule had been
flashing a misleading signal to the ground. But John Glenn could
not be certain that he was safe until he saw that the parachute
which would lower his capsule gently into the Atlantic had
opened. Said he the next day: "That's probably the prettiest ol'
sight you ever saw in your life."
</p>
<p> At 2:43 p.m., Friendship 7 splashed into the Atlantic with a
sizzle as the red-hot shield turned the sea water to steam.
Across the U.S., the TV audience sagged weakly with relief.
</p>
<p> [In 1963, the U.S. sent the first man-made satellite to
another planet, Venus.]
</p>
<p>(March 8, 1963)
</p>
<p> The pale glow of Venus marked the morning--as it has done so
many times since man learned to recognize Earth's nearest
planetary neighbor. On that December day, though, the morning
star held a special attraction for the men of Caltech's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory. Almost as if they could see it all
happening, they squinted into 36 million miles of space, out
into the vicinity of Venus, where for the first time in history
a man-made space traveler was cruising into range. A gold and
gleaming machine, sporting angular purple wings and unblinking
electronic eyes, was swooping toward its target. Mariner II was
giving earthbound scientists their first close look at the
distant planet that has tugged so long at their adventurous
imagination. And when Mariner's radioed reports were finally
decoded by the JPL crew that had built the spacecraft and sent
it on its way, Venus would never seem quite the same again.
</p>
<p> Would the morning star live up to the romance of science and
turn out to be teeming with life? Were there, as some
romanticists confidently expected, forests of intelligent,
moving trees? Or would Mariner prove the accuracy of some of the
glummer theories of radio astronomy--that Venus is a barren
ball covered with a dull layer of dust?
</p>
<p> Mariner's instruments scanned Venus three times, crossing
first the dark side, then the boundary between light and dark,
and finally the sunlit side. The microwave radiometer reported
a surface temperature of about 800 degrees F. (melting point of
lead: 621.5 degrees F.), which seems to vary hardly at all over
the whole planet, dark side as well as light side. It showed no
detectable water vapor.
</p>
<p> [That same year, the Soviets sent the first woman into space,
a feat not duplicated by the U.S. for another 20 years.]
</p>
<p>(June 21, 1963)
</p>
<p> It was by all odds the most extraordinary date a man and woman
ever had. The Soviets one day last week orbited Vostok V, piloted
by Air Force Lieut. Colonel Valery Feodorovich Bykovsky, 28,
LISTEN WORLD, headlined Izvestia, SOVIET MAN IS AGAIN STORMING
THE COSMOS. But this time, Soviet Woman was storming right along.
Two days later, Bykovsky was joined in orbit by the first female
in space, Lieut. Valentina Vladimirovna Chereshkova, 26, at the
controls of Vostok VI. In radio and television transmission to
the breathless spectators on the ground, he referred to himself
as "The Hawk," while she called herself "The Seagull."
</p>
<p> After Seagull joined Hawk, there were messages. Said
Khrushchev: "Dear Valentina Vladimirovna, cordial
congratulations to the world's first woman cosmonaut on the
wonderful flight through the expanses of the universe...A
happy journey to you! We will be extremely glad to meet you on
Soviet soil." Smiling at the TV camera in her capsule--some
viewers described her as resembling a tougher-looking Ingrid
Bergman--Valentina thanked Khrushchev for his "fatherly
concern," assured everyone she was feeling fine.
</p>
<p> [In 1965, the U.S. obtained the first photographs of the
planet Mars.]
</p>
<p>(July 23, 1965)
</p>
<p> The picture was grainy and ill-defined, a blur of white
curving across a black background. It would take months of
painstaking analysis to determine what it really showed. But one
quick glance gave the scientists at Caltech's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory the most important message of all: from 135 million
miles in space, their spacecraft, Mariner IV, had sent home the
first closeup portrait man has ever made of the far-off planet
Mars.
</p>
<p> By week's end, three pictures were made public. The second
and third shots, like the first, showed broad, desert like areas
but few outstanding surface markings.
</p>
<p> Remarkable as those photographs were, they tended for a few
excited moments to hide the rest of a remarkable feat. Without
a single snapshot to show for its travels, Mariner IV would
still have earned its place in the annals of science. In its
325-million-mile, 228-day flight, it had charted interplanetary
reaches never before explored by man and set an impressive
record for long-distance communication. All during its trip,
Mariner sent back valuable scientific information about the
solar wind, cosmic dust, magnetic fields and deep-space
radiation. In the vicinity of the red planet it scouted the
hazards that astronauts will meet when they try to land there.
It gave earthbound experts their most accurate estimates of the
planet's structure and mass; it beamed radio signals through the
Martian atmosphere to study its density and looked for signs of
a magnetic field.</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>